ࡱ > a c ` 5@ P bjbj22 vV X X $ $ $ 4 X \ \ \ h , X 3 " ^2 `2 `2 `2 `2 `2 `2 $ 4 R 7 Z 2 9 $ 2 2 ! ! ! l $ ^2 ! ^2 ! < ! " V. h , $ / ,aDLl \ { P . / d 2 0 3 . e7 e7 / X X e7 $ / h ! 2 2 X X \ q! X X \ eUQf Verb (Auxillary)English meaningmO\hU>I amt]UhEYou arey]h hEHe/She/It is [proximate]v]hhEHe/She/It is hm]hEEEEE\We aretm] hoYou area]p]hE\You are [polite]yohE\They [proximate]vohE\TheyOn]Whoky]]WhatsoHowky]o\Whyy]h]> Here v]h]>Thereh]>Whereh]>Yes n]hI\Not n]No (Read loud response drills). Ask questions. mO\ sin]t]] hU> | tm] K]il]l] ho | a]p] m]]> hE\ | hm] w\s]]n] hE\ | y]h it]]b] hE | v]h ig]l]hrI hE | yo iK]l]Ono hE\ | vo j}g]l] hE\ | a]p] On] hE\ ? tm] so ho ? y]h ky]] hE ? tm] so ho ? hm] ky]o\ hE\ ? v]o so hE\ ? v]h s]I* hE ? a]p] On] hE\ ? v]h]> On] hE ? mO\ y]h]> hU> | n]hI\, y]h s]I* n]hI\ hE | ky]] y]h moj] hE | a]p] acCe hE\ | ky]] yo squzenqs] hE\ ? rIq] tm] h]> ho ? On] hE ? S i m p l e s e n t e n c e s : U s u a l l y c o n s i s t s o f a n o u n o r a p r o n o u n ( o r a c o m p o s i t e n o m i n a l p h r a s e ) a n d a v e r b ( o r a c o m p o s i t e v e r b a l p h r a s e ) . E i t h e r c o m p o n e n t m a y b e e x p r e s s e d o r u n d e r s t o o d . T h e n o m i n a l c o m p o n e n t f o r m s t h e s u b j e c t o f i t s s e n t e n c e ; t h e v e r b a l c o m p onent may include non-verbal phrase, e.g. nouns or pronouns as direct or indirect objects of the verb, adverbs or adverbial phrases, or a negative. 1. Neutral in style and emphasis, rather than affective (emphatic or emotive) in character then the subject, where expressed, most usually comes first and the verb last, in close association with any negative, while objects and adverbial expressions occupy an intervening position, in less fixed order. Expressions of time tend to precede those of place e.g. The boy isnt here today. l]z] a]j] y]h]> n]hI\ hE | {lit. the boy today here not is} Consider the other expression e.g. Today the boy isnt here. a]j] l]z] y]h]> n]hI\ hE | The book is on the table. it]]b] moj] p]r hE | There is a book on the table. moj] p]r it]]b] hE | 2. Questions: In Hindi/Urdu, interrogative pronouns and adverbs, e.g. ky]] what, h]> where do not usually introduce questions in the sentences of neutral style and emphasis, but follow the subject in second position, or later. Where is the girl? l]zI h]> hE? What is this? y]h ky]] hE? Note: When question ky]] is used in the beginning of a sentence it is usually a YES or NO question and also in conversation the inflexion of the voice makes it unnecessary. tm] asl]m] ho? Are you Aslam? (ky]]) l]ziy]]> y]h]> hE\? Are the girls here? Word order for Kya: - Kya as we have seen literally means what. However, there are certain social linguistic rituals as Bhatia notes, in his text. A careful use of Kya is needed and its appropriate placing requires some thought. Usually, Kya is placed before the noun or the verb it modifies. Has two functions Yes or No question and information questions. The former functions just as a Yes or No question in English for e.g. Is he an American? ky]] v]h amoirn] hE ? Do you study here? ky]] tm] y]h]> p]Zto ho ? The usual response is Yes/No. In Hindi, we use Kya at the beginning of the sentence and change the intonation by stressing Kya and the noun/pronoun and/or verb succeeding it. Information function basically invokes a response for a detailed reply and quite often precedes the verb and no stress is required for e.g. What is your name? a]p] ] n]]m] ky]] hE ? Polite form {preferred} tmh]r] n]]m] ky]] hE ? Familiar form tor] n]]m] ky]] hE ? Impolite form What do you [work] do? a]p] ky]] []m]] rto hE\ ? Polite form {preferred} tm] ky]] []m]] rto ho ? Familiar form t]U ky]] []m]] rt]] hE ? Impolite form Word order for Kaisa: - Kaisa is also unique in Hindi because its usage is dependent on its location in the sentence. When used attributively (i.e. right before the noun it modifies), it has the general meaning what sort of, and what kind of; but when it is used predicatively (i.e. right before the verb) it is translated as how in English. It agrees with the noun it modifies in number and gender. Lets look at some examples: What kind of fruit is that? * + 3 8 9 @ H I Q j k r $ * 1 6 = A G M S V ^ i q r x ľľľľľľ箤 h CJ$ OJ QJ h"5 CJ$ OJ QJ h2X CJ h CJ h h CJ( OJ QJ aJ( h"5 CJ( OJ QJ h"5 h"5 CJ h"5 CJ OJ QJ h"5 5>*CJ( OJ QJ \ @ * + / 3 8 b \ $If kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a $If $$If a$ $a$ P P P 8 9 = @ H v m m m $$If a$ kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a H I N Q j v m m m $$If a$ kdb $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a j k o r v m m m $$If a$ kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kdu $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kd& $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kd9 $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a v m m m $$If a$ kdL $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a # v m m $If gd kd $$If l F H," t @ t 0 6 4 l a # $ * 0 $If gd v kd $$If l 0 ," L L t 0 6 4 l a 0 1 6 < $If gd v kd; $$If l 0 ," L L t 0 6 4 l a < = A F $If gd v kd $$If l 0 ," L L t 0 6 4 l a F G M R $If gd v kdU $$If l 0 ," L L t 0 6 4 l a R S V Z $If gd v kd $$If l 0 ," L L t 0 6 4 l a Z [ \ ] } } } } } } } } } } $a$ gd v kdo $$If l 0 ," L L t 0 6 4 l a * 9 G T f , 4 5 S T U [ \ a i n / ; R տyj hK] h/ CJ( OJ QJ aJ( h l h/ CJ( OJ QJ aJ( hv h/ CJ( OJ QJ aJ( h/ 6CJ aJ h/ CJ( OJ QJ aJ( h/ CJ aJ h+]R h/ CJ aJ h/ CJ aJ mHsH h9 CJ$ OJ QJ h CJ$ OJ QJ hx1 CJ$ OJ QJ hx1 h"5 CJ$ OJ QJ h"5 CJ$ OJ QJ ) * 9 G V f u , - U x ! $a$gd/ ! < = = > ! W Q ) * P